sexta-feira, 6 de abril de 2012
Mozambique Coal
Mozambique has substantial coal deposits situated in the Moatize and Mucanha - Vuzi coal basins in the Tete province. The basin contains seven coal seams and has reserves estimated at 750 Million ton (Mt). The Mucanha – Vuzi basin is said to contain as much as 3 600 Mt coal reserves, although the basin is severely block faulted.
Brazilian company Vale has so far spent US$3 billion development of the Moatize coal mine in Mozambique and expects to started production from it in late 2011. Full production from the Moatize mine in terms of Phase One is planned at 12.7 million tonnes annually of hard coking coal for export; 2.4mt/year of export thermal coal and 2.5mt/year of thermal coal to supply a local power station should one be built.
Riversdale Mining Limited is involved in the Benga coal project in Mozambique. The project is a joint venture between Riversdale (65%) and Tata Steel Limited (35%) and is located in the Tete Province of Mozambique. Coal resources of 4.0 billion tonnes and a coal reserve of 502 million tones have been identified. Construction of Stage 1 has commenced and is expected to be completed in the second half of 2011.
The Zambeze Project, adjacent to the Benga Coal Project, has an identified coal resource of 9 billion tonnes. The Zambeze Project is similar in structure to Benga with 22 coal seams outcropping over strike length of 14 kilometres across the northern portion of the tenement. In June 2010 Riversdale signed a non-bonding MoU with Wuhan Iron and Steel Corporation and a logistics partnership agreement with the China Communications Construction Company for the development of the Zambeze Project.
Mozambi Coal has a 70% interest in two mineral exploration licences situated in the Zambeze coal basin. In July 2011 the company announced an agreement to acquire an 80% interest in a third exploration licence, 2738L (“Songo” project), also within the Zambeze coal basin, an emerging and highly prospective coal region that is within economic reach of the East African coast.
Brazilian company Vale has so far spent US$3 billion development of the Moatize coal mine in Mozambique and expects to started production from it in late 2011. Full production from the Moatize mine in terms of Phase One is planned at 12.7 million tonnes annually of hard coking coal for export; 2.4mt/year of export thermal coal and 2.5mt/year of thermal coal to supply a local power station should one be built.
Riversdale Mining Limited is involved in the Benga coal project in Mozambique. The project is a joint venture between Riversdale (65%) and Tata Steel Limited (35%) and is located in the Tete Province of Mozambique. Coal resources of 4.0 billion tonnes and a coal reserve of 502 million tones have been identified. Construction of Stage 1 has commenced and is expected to be completed in the second half of 2011.
The Zambeze Project, adjacent to the Benga Coal Project, has an identified coal resource of 9 billion tonnes. The Zambeze Project is similar in structure to Benga with 22 coal seams outcropping over strike length of 14 kilometres across the northern portion of the tenement. In June 2010 Riversdale signed a non-bonding MoU with Wuhan Iron and Steel Corporation and a logistics partnership agreement with the China Communications Construction Company for the development of the Zambeze Project.
Mozambi Coal has a 70% interest in two mineral exploration licences situated in the Zambeze coal basin. In July 2011 the company announced an agreement to acquire an 80% interest in a third exploration licence, 2738L (“Songo” project), also within the Zambeze coal basin, an emerging and highly prospective coal region that is within economic reach of the East African coast.
Coal gasification
Coal has been used since the industrial revolution but only in the last 100 years have huge quantities of oil and gas been removed from underground reservoirs.
Oil and gas are used as fuel energy in combustion engines and as "feed stock" for other industries — raw materials for the manufacture of other chemicals, such as plastics and agricultural fertilizer.
There is a limited amount of fossil fuel. It is not "renewable" and there is no known way to make more.
The energy stored in oil is significantly greater than in any other currently available source. Data should be checked, but I found that we the Earth have 10exp11 ton of oil and 10exp10 ton of oil equivalent of coal.
There is no other equivalently cheap and powerful energy available from nuclear energy, natural gas, solar power, wind power, hydrogen or biomass.
So will need to develop coal gasification (a way of transforming solid coal in gases and afterwads in liquids), for example, to produce valualbe Ammonia and Urea (nitrogen fertilizers). It was the case for Germany in the ninetenth century, South Africa in the apartheid and there is a boom in China now.
But burning coal produces CO2, a greenhouse effect gas...Coal technology must be greener!
Oil and gas are used as fuel energy in combustion engines and as "feed stock" for other industries — raw materials for the manufacture of other chemicals, such as plastics and agricultural fertilizer.
There is a limited amount of fossil fuel. It is not "renewable" and there is no known way to make more.
The energy stored in oil is significantly greater than in any other currently available source. Data should be checked, but I found that we the Earth have 10exp11 ton of oil and 10exp10 ton of oil equivalent of coal.
So will need to develop coal gasification (a way of transforming solid coal in gases and afterwads in liquids), for example, to produce valualbe Ammonia and Urea (nitrogen fertilizers). It was the case for Germany in the ninetenth century, South Africa in the apartheid and there is a boom in China now.
But burning coal produces CO2, a greenhouse effect gas...Coal technology must be greener!
terça-feira, 20 de março de 2012
Key data on Maaden´s Phosphate Company
Saudi Arabian Mining Company (Ma'aden) started-up an integrated fertiliser production complex which is based on phosphate reserves located at Al-Jalamid, in the north of Saudi Arabia.
The phosphate concentrate produced at the mine is transported by rail to Ras Az Zawr where it is processed to produce the feedstock required for the production of 3mtpa of diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertiliser. It is about 10% of the global demand for the fertiliser.
The phosphate fertiliser complex, which includes sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid and DAP, was built at Ras Az Zawr in 2011.
Besides fertiliser production facilities, the project includes the construction of power and desalination plants. Production from the phosphoric acid and sulphuric acid was started in June 2011.
Partners
During the second half of 2007, Sabic, a leading producer of petrochemicals based in Saudi Arabia, announced that it had finalised a joint venture agreement with Ma'aden.
"The facilities will represent the world's largest fully integrated fertiliser production operation."Under the terms of the agreement Sabic has a 30% equity share in the fertiliser production operation, with Ma'aden retaining the remaining 70%.
It is owned and operated by Ma'aden Phosphate Company (MPC). It is said that the facilities represent the world's largest fully integrated fertiliser production operation.
Ma'aden provided its expertise in the phosphate industry, while Sabic provided the technology and expertise in the area of nitrogen fertilisers. Ma'aden will market about 33% of the production, while Sabic will market the other 77%.
Financing
The total cost of the project was $5.5bn. During the early part of 2008, Ma'aden had approached banks to arrange a syndicated loan of $2.3bn.
Advisers
During the second half of 2007, the global law firm Baker and McKenzie announced it had provided Ma'aden with advice on the development of the phosphate mine and fertiliser production project including the signing of engineering, procurement and construction contracts with three international contractor groups for the development of process plants.
Engineering and project management
US-based WorleyParsons was appointed by Ma'aden to provide engineering and project management and consulting (PMC) services for the phosphate project.
Power and desalination plants
During December 2007, Ma'aden announced it had awarded contracts to Chinese and Korean companies for the construction of the power and desalination plants. The contracts had a total value of $630m.
Guizhou Hongfu Industry and Commerce Development Company was awarded a $350m contract to provide a beneficiation plant. This removes calcium and magnesium carbonates from the phosphate deposit ore to produce 4.6mtpa of dry phosphate concentrate.
"The total cost of the project is put at $4.5bn."At the same time Korea's Hanwha Engineering and Construction Company was awarded a $280m contract to provide the power and desalination plants. These facilities are located at the phosphate fertiliser complex in Ras Az Zawr.
The power plant consists of 2 × 66% Siemens Condensing Steam Turbines and Generators with an output of 126.76MW base load and 145.53MW peak load. Depending on final load examination the phosphate project is expected to be a net exporter to the grid.
The desalination plant processes up to 40,000m³ of water each day.
Ammonia plant
Samsung Engineering was awarded an engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract during May 2007 for Ma'aden's ammonia plant. The contract was valued at $950m.
In October 2007 Samsung awarded Uhde a contract which covered the process licence and basic engineering as well as the supply of specialist equipment for a single-train ammonia plant.
The facility has a capacity of 3,300t/day. Uhde did not disclose the value of its contract. Uhde supplied its dual-pressure process technology for the ammonia plant. The process is said to be particularly reliable and environmentally friendly.
Phosphoric acid plants
Three world-scale phosphoric acid plants, with a combined capacity of 1.5mtpa, are built by Litwin Europe Middle East, a company based in the Netherlands.
The three facilities were built in Ras Az Zawr in 2011. Litwin selected Tekfen Construction and Installation Company to provide construction services for the plant under a consortium agreement. The three production lines are based on the yara semi-hydrate process technology.
The total value of the engineering, procurement and construction contract was put at $525m.
Sulphuric acid plant
Finland's Outotec provided Ma'aden with EPC services for what is said to be the world's largest sulphuric acid production facility with an output of 13,500t/day.
The value of the lump sum turnkey contract, awarded in 2006, was $270m. All of the acid is used for the production of phosphate fertiliser.
Diammoinium phsophate (DAP) plant
Spain's Dragados was awarded a contract to provide the 3mtpa diammonium phosphate fertiliser production plants. The value of the contract was not disclosed.
Dragados also awarded Nesma and Partners the main subcontract package for the DAP plant. Under the subcontract package the company was responsible for the total construction of the project and other services including all civil and infrastructure, heavy foundations, piping fabrication, electrical instrumentation and final commissioning.
Electric substations
During February 2008, Ma'aden announced it had signed a $100m contract with ABB Contracting for two electrical substations that connects the phosphate project at Ras Az Zawr to the national grid.
The contract covered engineering, procurement, construction, testing, commissioning and completion of 380kV and 115kV gas insulated switch gear substations.
The phosphate concentrate produced at the mine is transported by rail to Ras Az Zawr where it is processed to produce the feedstock required for the production of 3mtpa of diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertiliser. It is about 10% of the global demand for the fertiliser.
The phosphate fertiliser complex, which includes sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid and DAP, was built at Ras Az Zawr in 2011.
Besides fertiliser production facilities, the project includes the construction of power and desalination plants. Production from the phosphoric acid and sulphuric acid was started in June 2011.
Partners
During the second half of 2007, Sabic, a leading producer of petrochemicals based in Saudi Arabia, announced that it had finalised a joint venture agreement with Ma'aden.
"The facilities will represent the world's largest fully integrated fertiliser production operation."Under the terms of the agreement Sabic has a 30% equity share in the fertiliser production operation, with Ma'aden retaining the remaining 70%.
It is owned and operated by Ma'aden Phosphate Company (MPC). It is said that the facilities represent the world's largest fully integrated fertiliser production operation.
Ma'aden provided its expertise in the phosphate industry, while Sabic provided the technology and expertise in the area of nitrogen fertilisers. Ma'aden will market about 33% of the production, while Sabic will market the other 77%.
Financing
The total cost of the project was $5.5bn. During the early part of 2008, Ma'aden had approached banks to arrange a syndicated loan of $2.3bn.
Advisers
During the second half of 2007, the global law firm Baker and McKenzie announced it had provided Ma'aden with advice on the development of the phosphate mine and fertiliser production project including the signing of engineering, procurement and construction contracts with three international contractor groups for the development of process plants.
Engineering and project management
US-based WorleyParsons was appointed by Ma'aden to provide engineering and project management and consulting (PMC) services for the phosphate project.
Power and desalination plants
During December 2007, Ma'aden announced it had awarded contracts to Chinese and Korean companies for the construction of the power and desalination plants. The contracts had a total value of $630m.
Guizhou Hongfu Industry and Commerce Development Company was awarded a $350m contract to provide a beneficiation plant. This removes calcium and magnesium carbonates from the phosphate deposit ore to produce 4.6mtpa of dry phosphate concentrate.
"The total cost of the project is put at $4.5bn."At the same time Korea's Hanwha Engineering and Construction Company was awarded a $280m contract to provide the power and desalination plants. These facilities are located at the phosphate fertiliser complex in Ras Az Zawr.
The power plant consists of 2 × 66% Siemens Condensing Steam Turbines and Generators with an output of 126.76MW base load and 145.53MW peak load. Depending on final load examination the phosphate project is expected to be a net exporter to the grid.
The desalination plant processes up to 40,000m³ of water each day.
Ammonia plant
Samsung Engineering was awarded an engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract during May 2007 for Ma'aden's ammonia plant. The contract was valued at $950m.
In October 2007 Samsung awarded Uhde a contract which covered the process licence and basic engineering as well as the supply of specialist equipment for a single-train ammonia plant.
The facility has a capacity of 3,300t/day. Uhde did not disclose the value of its contract. Uhde supplied its dual-pressure process technology for the ammonia plant. The process is said to be particularly reliable and environmentally friendly.
Phosphoric acid plants
Three world-scale phosphoric acid plants, with a combined capacity of 1.5mtpa, are built by Litwin Europe Middle East, a company based in the Netherlands.
The three facilities were built in Ras Az Zawr in 2011. Litwin selected Tekfen Construction and Installation Company to provide construction services for the plant under a consortium agreement. The three production lines are based on the yara semi-hydrate process technology.
The total value of the engineering, procurement and construction contract was put at $525m.
Sulphuric acid plant
Finland's Outotec provided Ma'aden with EPC services for what is said to be the world's largest sulphuric acid production facility with an output of 13,500t/day.
The value of the lump sum turnkey contract, awarded in 2006, was $270m. All of the acid is used for the production of phosphate fertiliser.
Diammoinium phsophate (DAP) plant
Spain's Dragados was awarded a contract to provide the 3mtpa diammonium phosphate fertiliser production plants. The value of the contract was not disclosed.
Dragados also awarded Nesma and Partners the main subcontract package for the DAP plant. Under the subcontract package the company was responsible for the total construction of the project and other services including all civil and infrastructure, heavy foundations, piping fabrication, electrical instrumentation and final commissioning.
Electric substations
During February 2008, Ma'aden announced it had signed a $100m contract with ABB Contracting for two electrical substations that connects the phosphate project at Ras Az Zawr to the national grid.
The contract covered engineering, procurement, construction, testing, commissioning and completion of 380kV and 115kV gas insulated switch gear substations.
terça-feira, 13 de março de 2012
domingo, 4 de março de 2012
Gypsum will be purified
If well treated (removed by its toxic, radiocative and rare earths and heavy metals), gypsum will be suitable to be used inside homes, in wall and ceilings...
If dispersed into the sea, nobody will know (not before decades long studies) where (into tissues of marine plants and animals) noxious metals will acumulate!
If dispersed into the sea, nobody will know (not before decades long studies) where (into tissues of marine plants and animals) noxious metals will acumulate!
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